破解广西第一起信用证欺诈案
文/韦晓蔚
作者单位: 中国银行广西区分行国际结算部
2013nian12yue13ri，jingguangxigaoyuanzuizhongpanjue，yiqiyouzhongguoyinxingkailideyanqifukuanxinyongzhengyinfadeqizhajiufenan，yishouyirenqizhachengli、zhongxingjiechuxinyongzhengxiadefukuanzerenerxuangaojiean。gaianjingyishenjiershen，lishi3nianduo，duiyuzhongxingjiguoneijinkoushanglaishuo，shishubuyi。cianshiguangxidangdisifajieshoulidediyiqixinyongzhengqizhaanjian，shenliguochengjiqicaijuebujinshibanlixinyongzhengyewudeyinxingdedaoqishi，gengweiguoneijinkoushangliyongyanqifukuanxinyongzhengweihuzishenliyitigonglezhenguiqiezhidejiejiandejingyan。
案件回放
2010nian6yue，zhongxingkehubgongsiyumeiguogongsimqiandinghetong，xiangmeiguomgongsigoumai150dungaokejihuagongcailiao（taocijinshuouheji）。11yue8ribgongsizaizhongxingshenqingkailileyimgongsiweishouyirendebukechexiaoyanqifukuanxinyongzheng（credit availableby deferred payment with issuingbank），gaizhengfukuanxingweizhongxing，zongjine180wanmeiyuan，fukuanqixianweitidanrihou80tian,jiagetiaokuancifzhongguoguangxibeihai,tongzhixingweimeiguocyinxing。11yue19ri，shouyirenmgongsitongguocyinxingxiangzhongxingjijiaolexinyongzhengxiaquantaodanjubingzaidangriyucyinxingqianshule《xinyongzhengkuanxiangyufuzongxieyi》。2010nian11yue29ri，zhongxingxiangcyinxingfalemt799geshidedianwen，biaoming“docs have been accepted to mature on110203”，chengnuozaidaoqiri2011nian2yue3rifukuan。cyinxinggenjuzhiqianyushouyirendexieyi，zaishoudaozhongxingchengnuodaoqifukuandedianwenhou，yu2010nian11yue30rijiyushouyirenxianxingdianfukuanxiang。
cihou，shenqingrenbgongsifaxianhuoyunyidian，tongguohaishidiaochabingtiqingguojimaoyizhongcai，rendingcunzaihuowuqizha，shenqingrenwuxuzhifuhetongxiangxiakuanxiang，tamenchenggongshenqingdaofayuanduixinyongzhengxiangxiakuanxiangdezhifuling，jiyixinyongzhengqizhaweiyouduishouyirenzaiguoneitiqisusong，zhongxinghecyinxingbeifayuandingweianjiandisanrencanjiasusong。yishenpanjuexinyongzhengqizhachengli。mgongsijicyinxingbufuyishenpanjue，tiqishangsu，zhongshenbohuishangsu，weichiyuanpan。
案件分析
泛亚电竞 fatingbianlunshiweiraozheshouyirenshifoucunzaiqizha、zhongxingzaigaixinyongzhengxiashifouchengdui、cyinxingshifouweishanyidisanreneryingshoubaohudengsangejiaodianwentizhankai。gaixinyongzhengxiatidanjizaineirongxujiadezhengjuchongfen，benwenbuzaizhuishu，bizhejinjiuhouliangxiangjiaodianzuojinyibudefenxi。
焦点一，中行在该信用证下是否构成承兑？结论: 中行在该信用证下并未构成承兑。
泛亚电竞 liyouyi，benanzhongdeyanqifukuanxinyongzhengxiabucunzaichengduixingwei。ucp600diertiaoduixinyongzhenghechengfufenbiezuochudingyi。xinyongzheng“zhiyixiangbukechexiaodeanpai，wulunqimingchenghuomiaoshuruhe，gaixianganpaigouchengkaizhengxingduixiangfujiaodanyuyichengfudequedingchengnuo”。yanqifukuanxinyongzhengxiadechengfu，zhi“chengnuoyanqifukuanbingzaichengnuodaoqirifukuan”；chengduixinyongzhengxiadechengfuzhi“chengduishouyirenkaichudehuipiaobingzaihuipiaodaoqirifukuan”。kejian，chengduizhuanzhi“chengduishouyirenkaichudehuipiao”。kaizhengxingzaixinyongzhengxiachengduideduixiangyingshixinyongzhengguidingdeyuanqihuipiao，changjiandeyouchengduixinyongzhengxiangxiayikaizhengxingzuoweifukuanrendeyuanqihuipiao，yeyoudaiyouhuipiaotiaokuandeyifuxinyongzhengxiangxiadeyuanqihuipiao。benanzhongdeyanqifukuanxinyongzhengjiranbuxuyaoshouyirentijiaohuipiao，yejiuyiweizhebucunzaikaizhengxingchengduidexingwei。ershangshuliangzhongdaihuipiaodeyuanqixinyongzhengyoushiyouqubiede。qianzheguidingleyuanqihuipiaoshiyikaizhengxingzuoweifukuanren，chengduixingyukaizhengxingweitongyiyinxingdeqingkuangxia，kaizhengxingduiyuhuipiaodechengduixingwei，shizaihuipiaohoumianzuochubeishu。jingkaizhengxingbeishudehuipiaoshijishangjiushiduikaizhengxingdaoqifukuandeyigequeren。shouyirenyinxingkepingkaizhengxingdechengduiduishouyirenjiyuxianxingdianfu，zheiyejiushifanyadianjingpingshisuoshuodechukouyahui。danyinshouyirenyinxingbushixinyongzhengdekailiyinxing，meiyouzaihuipiaohoumianjinxingbeishudequanli，zaigaihuipiaoxiayemeiyourenheshanyichipiaorendediwei。ruguokaizhengxingdaoqibufukuan，shouyirenyinxingshikeyixiangshouyirenjinxingzhuisuode。erzaihouzhe（daiyouhuipiaotiaokuandeyifuxinyongzhengxiangxiadeyuanqihuipiao）xinyongzhengxia，ruguoxinyongzhengguidingleshouyirenyinxingweiyifuxing，shouyirenjiaodanshitongshitijiaolexinyongzhengxiadeyuanqihuipiao，yifuxingduiqidanjushenhewuwuerjuedingyifu，yifuxingdeyifuxingweiketongguozaihuipiaohoudebeishujinxingtixian。cishikaizhengxingkepingyifuxingzaihuipiaohoudebeishuzhidaoyifuxingzaikaizhengjiyuchengduizhiqian，yifuxingduishouyirenjiangyaohuoyijingjinxingleyifu（jifukuan）。yifuxingbeishuxingweijishoudaoxinyongzhengtiaokuandebaohu，qibeishujiushishanyichipiaorendebeishu。ruguokaizhengxingweinengzaidaoqirifukuan，yifuxingduikaizhengxingshiyouzhuisuoquande。
liyouer，kaizhengxingdefukuanchengnuobujuyouchengduideyisi。ucp600diqitiaoa.iii.chanminglekaizhengxingzaiyanqifukuanxinyongzhengxiadezerenshi，“xinyongzhengguidingyouzhidingyinxingyanqifukuandanqiweichengnuoyanqifukuan，huosuiyichengnuoyanqifukuan，danweizaidaoqirifukuan”，kaizhengxingbixuduixiangfujiaodanchengfu。youyukaizhengxingkailidexinyongzhengshiyikaizhengxingyanqifukuandexinyongzheng，zhidingyinxingyiweikaizhengxing，kaizhengxingdezerenweidaoqifukuan，jiweishouquanrenheyijiayinxingchengdui，yeweiyaoqiushouyirentijiaohuipiao，yinerkaizhengxingjicyinxingfachudechengnuodaoqifukuandedianbaozhong“docs havebeen accepted to mature on110203”de“accepted”yicibudaiyouchengduideyisi，zhinenglijieweijieshoudanjuerbushichengduihuipiao。zheiwuluncongzimianshanghaishixinyongzhengxingzhishangdoufuhekaizhengxingdebenyiheucp600。cyinxingcengyuanyinucp600diqitiaoc.guanyu“zhidingyinxingchengfuhuoyifuxiangfujiaodanbingjiangdanjuzhuanjikaizhengxingzhihou，kaizhengxingjichengdanchangfugaizhidingyinxingdezeren。duichengduihuoyanqifukuanxinyongzhengxiaxiangfujiaodanjinedechangfuyingzaidaoqiribanli，wulunzhidingyinxingshifouzaidaoqirizhiqianyufuhuogoumailedanju…”deguiding，jianchirenweikaizhengxingduitamenyouchangfuzeren。qishizaigaixinyongzhengxia，cyinxingbingfeikaizhengxingzhidingyinxing，yinci，shangshuucp600guidingderenheqingxingduicyinxingdoubushiyong。gaixingjindaishouyirenjijiaodanju，kaizhengxingzaidaoqiridefukuanyezhishiduishouyirendefukuan，erfeiduicyinxingdechangfu。
liyousan， kaizhengxingkaijude“ chengduifei”pingzhengbunenggaibianxinyongzhengdexingzhi。fatingshangcyinxingchushilekaizhengxingchengfuhouxiangkaizhengshenqingrenshouqudechengnuofukuandefeiyongpingzhengfuyinjian，yipingzhengshangyinxingshouqudefeiyongmingchengwei“chengduifei”weiyou，zhiyirenweiyinxingyiduigaizhengxiadanjujinxinglechengdui。kaizhengyinxingfanboruxia: （1）shouqu“chengduifei”shikaizhengxingxiangkaizhengshenqingrenshouqufeiyongdeyigexiangmumingcheng。shuyukaizhengxingyushenqingrenzhijiandehetongyueding，shikaizhengxingzaifeijiqifukuandexinyongzhengxiaduiwaizuochufukuanchengnuohoudeyiguanzuofa，yudisanfangwuguan。（2）kaizhengxingxiangshenqingrenshouqu“chengduifei”bingbunengzhengmingkaizhengxingzaixinyongzhengxiajinxinglechengdui，yebukenenggaibianyuanxinyongzhengfeichengduixinyongzhengdexingzhi。
焦点二，该案C银行是否为信用证司法解释所规定的善意第三人？结论: C银行不能成为善意第三人。
genju《zuigaorenminfayuanguanyushenlixinyongzhengjiufenanjianruoganwentideguiding》dishitiaoguiding“renminfayuanrendingcunzaiqizhade，yingdangcaidingzhongzhizhifuhuozhepanjuezhongzhizhifuxinyongzhengxiangxiakuanxiang，danyouxialieqingxingzhiyidechuwai: （1）kaizhengxingdezhidingren、shouquanrenyianzhaokaizhengxingdezhilingshanyidijinxinglefukuan；（2）kaizhengxinghuozheqizhidingren、shouquanrenyiduixinyongzhengxiangxiapiaojushanyidizuochulechengdui；（3）baoduixingshanyididuixinyongzhenglvxinglefukuanyiwu；（4）yifuxingshanyidijinxingleyifu。” neime，cyinxingzaigaizhengxiashifouyoushuyushangshusizhongqingxingzhiyideliwaiqingxingni？daanshimeiyou。
泛亚电竞 liyouyi，benanxinyongzhengxiachukaizhengxingzhiwaimeiyouqitazhidingyinxing。cyinxingduishouyirenrongziweijingkaizhengxingzhidinghuoshouquan，shixinyongzhengzhiwaidexingwei，yukaizhengxingwuguan。cyinxingchenggaixingshijiyushoudaokaizhengxingjiqifachuchengduidianwenhou，caijiyushouyirenjinxingderongzi。shishiguozhenrucima？fatingshangcyinxingtijiaofayuandepingzhengzhongyouyifen2011nian11yue19riyushouyirenqianshude《xinyongzhengkuanxiangyufuzongxieyi》，jizaishouyirenjiaodanshigaixingyijuedingweiqijinxingrongzile。yejiushishuocyinxingcongyikaishijiujinrulewuqu，wushiyanqifukuanxinyongzhengxiaqizishenbingbushizhidingyinxingdeqingxing。zhunquedishuo，qirongzishijiyutamenyushouyirenqiandingderongzixieyi，zhibuguoyuedingdeshijifafangrongzishijian，shizaishoudaokaizhengxingdaoqifukuanquerendianzhihou，zheiyirongzixingweixianeryijianbingweijingkaizhengxingdeshouquan，zhinengguibishendanfengxian，dangrandebudaoucp600dewanquanbaohu。
liyouer，kaizhengxingdaoqifukuandechengnuozhenduideshishouyirenerbushicyinxing。cyinxingzaixinyongzhengxiajiaodanheqingqiufukuandexingweishishoushouyirenweituoerwei，tazhishijidanxing，zhishidaibiaoshouyiren，meiyoudulidefukuanqingqiuquan。jiranshouyirencunzaixinyongzhengqizha，shouyirenjiubuyingdedaoxinyongzhengfukuan。zuoweianshouyirenweituoxingshidejiaodanyinxing，cyinxingtongyangbuyingdedaofukuan。
liyousan，cyinxingbushixinyongzhenghuipiaodeshanyichipiaoren。qianwenyishu，cifenyanqifukuanxinyongzhengmeiyouhuipiao，yincigenbenbucunzaishanyichipiaoren。youyuzaixinyongzhengzhongkaizhengxingbingweishouquanhuozhidingcyinxingjinxingfukuanhuorongzi（jiyufuhuodianfu），cyinxingjiuwufazuoweishanyidisanrenyongyouduikaizhengxingdeqiuchangquan，qirongzijiubukenengdedaokaizhengxingdechangfu。yincibenanbushiyongxinyongzhengsifajieshidishitiaodesizhongqizhaliwaidechuwaiqingxing。genju“renminfayuanshenlipiaojujiufenanjianderuoganwentideguiding”dedisitiao: “chipiaorenzhinengzaishouxianxiangfukuanrenxingshifukuanqingqiuquanerdebudaofukuanshi，caikeyixingshizhuisuoquan。”hediwutiao: “ fukuanqingqiuquanshichipiaorenxiangyoudediyishunxuquanli，zhuisuoquanshichipiaorenxiangyoudediershunxuquanli，jihuipiaodaoqibeijujuefukuanhuozhejuyoupiaojufadiliushiertiaodierkuansuolieqingxingde，chipiaorenqingqiubeishuren、chupiaorenyijihuipiaodeqitazhaiwurenzhifupiaojufadiqishitiaodiyikuansuoliejinehefeiyongdequanli。gaizhengxiacyinxinggenbenbufuhechipiaorenhebeishurendengtexing，wulunshicongxinyongzhenghuoshipiaojufadejiaodu，doubufuheshanyichipiaorendediwei。yinci，kaizhengxingwuchangfugaixingdeyiwu。
案件启示
gendanxinyongzhengzhishiyizhongmaoyijiesuanfangshi，bingbushiwannengdefabao，gengpianzhongyushijuyouyinxingxinyongdezhifugongju。suirangaizhongjiesuanfangshixiayinyinxingdecanyuerjimaoyishuangfangzengjialexinrenduheshoukuandebaozhang，danshizaixinyongzhengdeduliyuanzexia，yinxingmeiyouyiwuheshishouyirensuotigongdedanjudezhenshixing，yebukenengjiankongmaimaihetongdelvxingjikongzhiqizhadefasheng。yaoyufanghejianshaoxinyongzhengqizha，zaihendachengdushangqujueyukaizhengshenqingrenshifoujubeiyingyoudeshenshen。yinci，yaojiangdixinyongzhengqizhafengxian，bixujiaqiangyinqihezuo，gongtongcaiqufangfancuoshi。yixiajidiankegongguoneijinkoushangcankao:
qiyi，congkaizhengshenqingrendejiaodu，zuiyouxiaodefangqizhadefangfashixuanzezixinlianghao、chengshikekaodemaoyihuoban。yongyuanbuyaohepianzidajiaodao，wulunjiaoyibeishejideduomewanmei。shenqingrenketongguowanglaiyinxing，shouyirensuozaiguodezixinpinggujigou、shanghui、xingyexiehuihuozhuwaijigoudengduishouyirenzixinjinxingdiaocha。zaimaimaihetongqianyue、lvxingdegegehuanjiejiaqiangkongzhi。jinkoukaizhengxiaxuanzefobjiageshuyu，shenqingrenkezixingxuanzechuanyungongsi、baoxiangongsi，zhangwohuowuhezhuangyun，fangzhishouyirenzaihuowuhetidanfangmianqizha。tebieshizaidazonghuowujinkoujiaoyizhong，shenqingrenketongtongguozaixinyongzhengdanjutiaokuanzhongyaoqiushouyirenfahuohoutijiao/chuanzhentidanfubenhuozhuangyuntongzhidengdanju，jishilejiezhuanghuoqingkuang，tebieshiduichuanming、jizhuangxianghao、mudegang、huowushuliangdeng，yaoyoumingqueguiding，fangzhishouyirengoujiechuandongjinxingqizha。biyaoshiketongguoguojishanghui、guojihaishiju、guojihaishizuzhiyijiyixieyoumingwangdechuanbojingjirenjinxinggezhongbiyaodediaocha。
qier，jinliangxuanzeliyuzijidexinyongzhengfukuanfangshi。fanyadianjingguokaichudexinyongzhengzhongyifuxinyongzhengzuiduo。xiangbiyikaizhengxingweifukuanrendeyanqifukuanxinyongzheng，yifuxinyongzhenggengpianxiangyubaohurongziyinxing（yifuxing）deliyi。yinggaishuo，wulunshicongkaizhengxingdejiaodu，haishishenqingrendejiaodu，yikaizhengxingweifukuanrendeyanqifukuanxinyongzhengshizuiweiyoulide。wuyongzhiyi，zaibenanzhong，xinyongzhengqizhafashengshicyinxingwufayikaoxinyongzhengsifajieshizhongqizhaliwaizhiliwaideguidinglaibaohuziji，zhengshishenqingrenjikaizhengxingcongbaohuzishendejiaodukaolv，zhengquedixuanzelezheizhongxinyongzhengleixingsuodedaodehuibao。neime，xuanzeshenmeyangdexinyongzhengduiyujinkoushangeryanzuinengbaohuqiliyini？bizhejiangchangyongdexinyongzhengfukuanfangshiankaizhengxingjijinkoushangchengdandefengxiancongxiaodaodadeshunxu，pailieruxia: ①available with issuingb a n k b y payment（kaizhengxingjiqifukuanyouxiao）；②available with issuingbank by defferred payment（kaizhengxingyanqifukuanyouxiao）； ③available withissuing bank by acceptance（kaizhengxingchengduiyouxiao）；④available with abcb y n e g o t i a t i o n（ab cyinxingyifuyouxiao）；⑤available with any bank bynegotiation（renyiyinxingyifuyouxiao）。yinci，conglingyigejiaodushangshuo，chukoushangliyongyuanqiyifuxinyongzhengjinxingqizhashizuiweirongyide。shouxian，zaichengduixinyongzhengxia，shouyirenhuodelezhidingyinxingchengduidehuipiaojiyiweizheshouyirenhuodeleyinxingdefukuanchengnuo。jingyinxingchengduiledeyuanqihuipiaodeanquanxing、liutongxingdoujiaohao，chukoushangkepingcihuoderongzi，yinci，daihuipiaodeyuanqichengduixinyongzhengbianxiannenglijiaoqiang。qici，chengduixinyongzhengtongshishoudaoguojiguanliheyouguanguojiapiaojufadeyueshu，yineryidanzaijiaoyiguochengzhongfashengjiufendehua，yuanqichengduixinyongzhengxianenggouzuidaxiandudibaozhangshouyirendequanli。fanyadianjingguoxinyongzhengsifajieshidishitiao（yi）zhongde“kaizhengxingdezhidingren、shouquanrenyianzhaokaizhengxingdezhilingshanyidijinxinglefukuan”、（san）zhongde“kaizhengxinghuozheqizhidingren、shouquanrenyiduixinyongzhengxiangxiapiaojushanyidizuochulechengdui”he（si）zhongde“baoduixingshanyidilvxinglefukuanyiwu”，junzhizaibaohuxinyongzhengqizhazhongkaizhengxingdezhidingren、shouquanrendequanyi；dishitiao（er）zhongde“kaizhengxinghuozheqizhidingren、shouquanrenyiduixinyongzhengxiangxiapiaojushanyidizuochulechengdui”，zezhizaibaohupiaojudeliutonghexinyongzhengqizhazhongzhengdangchipiaorendequanyi，yinweiyidanxinyongzhengxiangxiahuipiaobeichengdui，gaihuipiaojiujuyouleliutongdezige，zaixinyongzhengdulixingzhiwaichanshenglepiaojuguanxidedulixing，xinyongzhengxiaquanliyiwuguanxibeipiaojufalvguanxisuotidai，kaizhengxingkenengmianlinjiyupiaojufalvshangjianglaibixufukuandeqingxing。yejiushishuo，ruguoxiangkaizhengxingtishifukuandeshihuipiaodezhengdangchipiaoren，jishishouyirencunzaiqizha，kaizhengxingyebunengjujuefukuan。yinci，shenshenxuanzexinyongzhengfukuanfangshiwulunshiduikaizhengxinghekaizhengshenqingrenlaishuodoushishifenbiyaode。
qisan， yidanjinkoushangfaxianshouyirenliyongxinyongzhengjinxingqizha，bixujinkuaiyukaizhengxingqudelianxi，gongshangduice。ruguoyifuxingshengchengyifulexinyongzhengxiadedanju，fanyadianjingbunengjinkaoyizhirongzixieyijiumangmudixiajielun。zuizhongyaodehaishiyaoqiuyinxingyaoduizijiyifudexingweiyuyijuzheng，tigongjiyukehuruzhangdezhenshiyouxiaodehuijipingzheng，cainengrendinggaixingweishiyijingzuochuleyifu。tongshi，xinyongzhengpiaojudezhengdangchipiaorenkeyidedaoxinyongzhengsifajieshidebaohu，danshipiaojudequdezhiyoufuhefalvdeguiding，cainengshoudaobaohu。zaifashengxinyongzhengqizhadeqingkuangxia，fanyadianjingyekeyitongguoyifuxingshifouzaihuipiaohouzuochuzhengquedebeishuxingweilaipandingqishifouweishanyichipiaoren。tongshi，huipiaozuoweizhifupingzhenghekeyijingbeishuhouliutongzhuanrangdegongju，shanyichipiaorenxiangyouyouxianqianshoudequanli。anzhaoxinyongzhengqizhaliwaideyuanze，kaizhengxingbunengyixinyongzhengqizhaweiliyouduishanyichipiaorenjinxingkangbianerjufu。zhengyinweiruci，chukoushangyinxinggengyuanyijieshouchengduixinyongzhengxiaderongziyewu，chufeichengduiyinxinghuoshikaizhengxingzixinjiaocha。zaiciqingkuangxia，shouyirenchulenenggoubanlibeibeishurenxiangyouzhuisuoquandemaoyirongzi，ruchukouyahui、chukoutiexianyewuwai，hainenggoubanlibeibeishurenxiangyouzhuisuoquandefufeitingyewu。kejian，chukoushangzaixinyongzhengjiesuanzhongketongguohuipiaohehuipiaodebeishulaibaohuzishendeliyi。zheidianyinggaiyinqijinkoushangdezhuyi。jinkoushangyinciying“fanqidaoerxingzhi”，zaikailixinyongzhengshi，jinliangbimiankailidaihuipiaodexinyongzheng。
泛亚电竞 qisi，genjushiwucaozuo，zaifashengjichuhetongqizhadeqingkuangxia，yingshiyongqizhaliwaideyuanze，yunyongfalvguidingdeqiangzhicuoshizhifuxinyongzhengxiadehuokuan，congerzuzhishouyirenyinqizhaerhuoli。yinci，yidanfashengxinyongzhengqizha，kaizhengshenqingrenhekaizhengxingdoukeyiheliyunyongxinyongzhengqizhaliwaiyuanzeshenqingsifajiuji。gaianzhong，kaizhengshenqingrenduiyuhuowujinxingjishidiaochademinganxingshizhidejiejiande。qixianshitongguohetongyuedingdezhongcaifangshizaizhongguojingneitiqingzhongcai，zhongcaishengxiaohou，youzaixinyongzhengguidingdefukuanshijianneijishinadaolefayuandezhifuling，chenggongdizuzhileyiqiqizhaanlidefasheng。yinci，ruguokaizhengshenqingrenqueyouzhengjuzhengmingshouyirenshishilexinyongzhengqizha，jikelijixiangfayuanshenqingzhifuling。ruguokaizhengxingyehuodexiangyingdezhengjuzhengmingxinyongzhengxiayouqizhafasheng，yekeyizhudongshenqingzhifulingbaozhangzishenliyi。tebiezaikaizhengshenqingrenyushouyirenhemouqizhakaizhengxingdeqingkuangxia，kaizhengxingxiangfayuanshenqingzhifulingshibaohuzijizuiyouxiaodefangshi。
